PMC

(A) Harmonic counting allocates credit as a decreasing function of authorship rank when additional byline information is non-existent or disregarded. (B) Allocating equal credit to adjacent coauthors does not alter the amount of credit allocated to the remaining coauthors. (C) Allocating equal credit to non-adjacent coauthors reduces the credit of intermediate coauthors by one position. This is accomplished by promoting the lower ranking equal until the equals are adjacent. For example, when the first and last authors are equal, the credit allocated to the last author is equivalent to that of an equal 2^nd author (as depicted in panel B). Primary authors (open symbols), and secondary authors (filled symbols) are plotted for a paper with 5 coauthors.

(A) Commanded trajectory of the knife along the and directions. Image credit: Morten Lind, 2020. (B) Forces acting on the knife along the and directions. Image credit: Morten Lind, 2020.

Exemplar staurozoans and competing phylogenetic hypotheses for the position of Stuarozoa within Medusozoa. a Haliclystus auricula. Credit: Marco Faasse; cropped. b Haliclystus “sanjuanensis”. Credit: Ron J. Larson. c Craterolophus convolvulus. Credit: Stauromedusae UK & David Fenwick; cropped. d Lucernaria quadricornis. Credit: Alexander Semenov. e Calvadosia cruxmelitensis Credit: Stauromedusae UK & David Fenwick; cropped. f Competing hypotheses for the phylogenetic position of Staurozoa within Medusozoa. Top from [, ] and Van Iten et al. []; bottom from Zapata et al. []

(A) The Goliath bird-eater, Theraphosa blondi (Latreille) (Theraphosidae), the largest known spider by mass (Photo credit: Steve Le Roux). (B) Heteropoda maxima Jäger (Sparassidae), the largest known spider by leg span, in its typical ambushing position (Photo credit: Peter Jäger). (C) The enlarged posterior median eyes of a net-casting spider (Deinopis sp., Deinopidae) (Photo credit: Michael Doe). (D) Stalita taenaria Schiödte (Dysderidae), the first eyeless spider ever described (Photo credit: Fulvio Gasparo). (E) The Darwin’s bark spider, Caerostris darwini Kuntner & Agnarsson (Araneidae), produces the toughest known spider silk (Photo credit: Matjaž Kuntner). (F) The web of the Darwin’s bark spider can reach an area of 2.8 m², being therefore the largest orb-web ever measured (Photo credit: Matjaž Kuntner). (G) Golden orb-weaving spiders (Nephilidae) exemplify the most extreme male-biased sexual size dimorphism in spiders. The white arrow points at the male (Photo credit: Matjaž Kuntner).